The South Asian Network on Economic Modeling (SANEM) on Saturday said the percentage of the population living below the poverty line (upper poverty line) has nearly doubled from 21.6 per cent in 2018 to 42 per cent in 2020, while the percentage of extreme poor (lower poverty line) trebled from 9.4 per cent in 2018 to 28.5 per cent in 2020, reports UNB.

Executive director of SANEM Selim Raihan disclosed the survey results at the 10th episode of SANEM Shongzog on “COVID-19 Fallout on Poverty and Livelihoods in Bangladesh: Results from SANEM’s Nationwide Survey (Nov-Dec 2020).”

The poverty rate has increased in both urban and rural areas in Bangladesh. The percentage of the population below the poverty line in rural areas was 45.3 per cent, while the number was 35.4 per cent in urban areas.

The percentage of extreme poor in rural areas was 33.2 per cent, while in urban areas it was 19 per cent.

“We conducted the nationwide household survey from 2 November to 17 December 2020 to unravel the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on three broad indicators, namely Poverty, Inequality, and Employment (PIE),” the professor of Economics at Dhaka University also said.

Compared to 2018, the average per capita household expenditure in 2020 has decreased by 45 per cent, 29 per cent and 17 per cent in extreme poor (people below LPL, or lower poverty line), moderate poor (people in between the LPL and UPL, or upper poverty line) and vulnerably poor (people between UPL and 1.25 times UPL) households, respectively. At the same time, it has increased by 6 per cent in non-poor and non-vulnerable households.

For this analysis, households have been classified as “old-poor” and “new-poor” depending on whether they were already poor prior to the pandemic or whether they have fallen below the poverty line as a result of the pandemic.

In households classified as poor prior to the pandemic, 37 per cent of household heads are self-employed, 20.5 per cent are wage-employed, and 39.5 per cent are day labourers.

On the other hand, in households that have fallen into poverty as a result of the pandemic, 42.3 per cent household heads are self-employed, 23.9 per cent are wage-employed, and 30.2 per cent are day labourers. Among households classified as “old-poor”, 43.4 per cent rely on agriculture, 5.2 per cent on the industry, 46.5 per cent on service, 0.3 per cent on government allowances, and 3 per cent on remittance source of income.

Besides, among new-poor households, 36.6 per cent rely on agriculture, 6.4 per cent on the industry, 51.2 per cent on service, 0.4 per cent on government allowances and 3.2 per cent on remittances as their primary source of income.

To understand the impact on inequality, the study team constructed consumption expenditure Gini and some other measures of inequality. The Gini coefficient has increased from 0.32 in 2016 to 0.31 in 2018 and 0.33 in 2020.

The ratio of income share between richest 5 per cent and poorest 20 per cent households increased from 2.05 in February 2020 to 2.45 in November 2020. Similarly, the ratio of expenditure share in richest 5 per cent households to that in poorest 20 per cent households increased from 1.34 in 2018 to 2.15 in 2020.

This is because, the expenditure share of the richest 5 per cent households increased by 1.02 per cent whereas that of the poorest 20 per cent declined by 3.13 per cent. However, since most ultra-rich households were not included in the survey, the real impact on inequality might be much larger than expected.

Average per capita education expenditure has fallen for all households between 2018 and 2020, with the decline being the sharpest for extremely poor households (58 per cent).

This study also attempted to assess the inequality in access to online (TV, Internet etc.) education for students: the findings suggest that 19 per cent students from rural regions and 27 per cent students from urban regions participated in some form of online/TV learning. Among the students who took part in online/TV education, 15 per cent belonged to poor households, whereas 26 per cent belonged to non-poor households.

The respondents mentioned the unavailability of online classes (49.1 per cent), no access to technological devices (6.1 per cent), insufficient access to devices (5.3 per cent), insufficient access to internet connection (5.4 per cent), inability to bear the cost of internet connection (6.5 per cent) as the most common reasons behind not being able to participate in online/TV learning.

The study also highlighted a paradox in remittance earnings: although remittance inflows at the macro-level had increased, at the household level, the amount of money received from migrant members had decreased. 82.1 per cent households claimed that they received less remittance from abroad while 64 per cent claimed that they received less remittance from within the country compared to what they received before the pandemic.

A possible explanation for this paradox is that a substantial amount of remittance was received through informal channels prior to the pandemic. Since these channels had been blocked, households received less money compared to before.

Raihan said SANEM, in collaboration with the General Economic Division (GED) of Planning Commission, conducted a nationwide survey covering 10,500 households in 2018. For the present survey, SANEM approached the same set of households and could successfully conduct telephone interviews with 5577 households from 500 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) distributed across 64 districts.

“The survey questionnaire contained questions related to income, employment, education, expenditure, remittances, experiences with COVID-19 aid and social protection programmes. We updated the poverty line incomes (both lower and upper poverty line) based on the 2018 Household Survey conducted by SANEM and adjusting it for adequate inflation,” he added.

Executive director of SANEM Selim Raihan highlighted five key suggestions—management of the COVID-19 crisis, increasing social safety net coverage including direct cash transfer to the poor, price stability of essential products, reduction of corruption, and creating employment opportunities.

Chairman of the Economics Department professor Mahbubul Mokaddem, economist Zahid Hussain and executive director of Centre for Policy Dialogue Fahmida Khatun also spoke there.